Thyroid cancer originates in and surrounding the thyroid gland. According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 43,800 new cases of thyroid cancer occur each year in the United States. Neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions are a common biomarker for several types of cancer, including thyroid cancer. If this cancer is suspected, a fine needle biopsy can determine its presence and determine a treatment plan that typically encompasses radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid cancer and targeted therapy medications, like GAVRETO (pralsetinib). Thyroid cancer has several telltale symptoms, including:

1. Swollen in the neck

One of the most common symptoms of thyroid cancer is swollen glands on the neck, which usually present as a painless lump on the front or side of the neck. It can occur due to the cancerous cells blocking the flow of lymph fluid in the neck. The lymph nodes may also feel hard and rubbery to the touch. In some cases, the lump may be visible only when swallowing and may, in certain instances, cause the neck to appear larger or misshapen. Although lumps in the neck are a common symptom of thyroid cancer, they may also be caused by other conditions, such as an infection. Therefore, it is important to see a doctor if you experience any swelling in your neck, even if you don’t have any other symptoms. Swollen glands are often diagnosed with a physical exam but may require further testing with ultrasound or biopsy. Early diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer can often lead to a cure.

2. Trouble swallowing

When thyroid cancer affects the larynx or the vocal cords, it can cause difficulties in swallowing. It may be caused by direct pressure on the esophagus from a tumor in the neck or by metastasis (spread) of cancer to the esophagus. The tumor can press on the nerves and muscles responsible for swallowing, and in some cases, it may also block the opening of the esophagus, making it difficult for food to pass through. There are instances where people may feel like they have food stuck in their throats. Many people with this symptom have to take small sips of water, and their food has to be cut into very small pieces. Swallowing difficulties can also lead to weight loss, as consuming enough calories becomes harder and harder. It is often one of the first signs of thyroid cancer and should always be evaluated by a doctor. If you are experiencing this symptom, it is important to consult with a doctor to rule out any underlying causes.

3. Hoarseness for no apparent reason

Hoarseness that a cold or other respiratory infection cannot explain is another common symptom of thyroid cancer. It occurs when the cancerous cells press on the nerves that control the vocal cords. This pressure can cause the vocal cords to vibrate differently, resulting in a change in the voice. You may also find that you have to clear your throat more often than usual, or your voice is suddenly much softer than normal. In some cases, people may only experience hoarseness intermittently, while in others, it may be a constant problem; the hoarseness may come and go at first, but it eventually becomes permanent if the tumor continues to grow. If you are experiencing hoarseness that lasts more than a few weeks or worsens, it is important to see a doctor. Hoarseness could also be caused by other conditions, such as allergies or acid reflux, so it is critical to get an early diagnosis so that you can start the necessary treatment.

4. Sore throat

One potential symptom of thyroid cancer is a sore throat that does not go away. Anyone with a sore throat knows how uncomfortable it can be. Usually, the sore throats go away after a few days with some rest and home remedies. However, if the sore throat doesn’t improve or gets worse, it could be a sign of thyroid cancer. A sore throat caused by thyroid cancer is usually long-lasting and does not improve with time or treatment. It is a sign that cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the neck and is causing inflammation. If you have a sore throat that lasts more than a few weeks, seeing a doctor is essential to rule out any underlying conditions.

5. Breathing issues

Though it is not always a sign of cancer, breathing difficulty can be a symptom of thyroid cancer. When thyroid cancer invades the lungs, it can cause difficulties in breathing. As cancer grows, it can begin to press on your windpipe or esophagus or cause fluid buildup in the chest, making breathing difficult, especially when lying down. You may also find that you are short of breath after activities that used to be easy for you, such as walking up a flight of stairs. Cancer that has spread to the lungs may also cause a cough, wheezing, or pain when inhaling deeply. You must see a doctor immediately if you observe any of the mentioned symptoms. In some cases, this symptom may not appear until cancer has spread to other parts of the body. While breathing trouble can be caused by several conditions, such as heart disease or COPD, it’s often one of the earliest signs of thyroid cancer. You can give yourself the best chance for successful treatment by catching it early.

Early detection is critical to successful treatment for any cancer. However, thyroid cancer can be difficult to detect in its early stages because it often causes no symptoms. That is why it is important to know the potential signs and see a doctor if you experience them. While thyroid cancer is relatively rare, it is one of the most rapidly growing types of cancer in the United States. So, even if you don’t think you’re at risk, it’s worth getting checked out just in case.